Uninzi lwabemi belizwe lam luhlala kwiidolophu ezincinci nakwiindawo zasemaphandleni, kwaye ungcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka asemaphandleni kwindawo yamanzi luye lwatsala ingqalelo eyandayo. Ngaphandle kwenqanaba eliphantsi lokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kummandla wasentshona, izinga lokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zelizwe lam ngokubanzi liye landa. Nangona kunjalo, ilizwe lam linommandla omkhulu, kwaye iimeko zokusingqongileyo, imikhwa yokuphila kunye neemeko zoqoqosho zeedolophu neelali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zahlukile kakhulu. Indlela yokwenza umsebenzi olungileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka olusasazwe ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni, amava amazwe aphuhlileyo afanele ukufundwa.
Itekhnoloji ephambili yokucoca amanzi amdaka kwilizwe lam
Kukho iintlobo ezilandelayo zobuchwepheshe bokucoca amanzi amdaka asemaphandleni kwilizwe lam (jonga uMfanekiso 1): ubuchwepheshe be-biofilm, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca amanzi amdaka asebenzayo, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca indalo, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca umhlaba, kunye neteknoloji yokucoca indalo kunye nendalo. Isidanga sokufaka isicelo, kwaye baneemeko zolawulo oluphumelelayo lokusebenza. Ngokwembono yesikali sokucoca amanzi amdaka, umthamo wokucoca amanzi ngokubanzi ungaphantsi kweetoni ezingama-500.
1. Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kobuchwepheshe bokucoca amanzi amdaka asemaphandleni
Kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka asemaphandleni, iteknoloji nganye yenkqubo ibonisa ezi zinto zilandelayo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga:
Indlela yokulahla udaka esebenzayo: ulawulo oluguquguqukayo kunye nolawulo oluzenzekelayo, kodwa ixabiso eliqhelekileyo ngekhaya ngalinye liphezulu, kwaye kufuneka abasebenzi abakhethekileyo bokusebenza nokulungisa.
Iteknoloji yeendawo ezimanzi ezakhiweyo: ixabiso eliphantsi lokwakha, kodwa izinga lokususwa liphantsi kunye nokusebenza nokulawulwa okungahambi kakuhle.
Unyango lomhlaba: ukwakhiwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa komhlaba kulula, kwaye iindleko ziphantsi, kodwa zinokungcolisa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwaye zifune ulawulo lokusebenza nokugcinwa kwexesha elide.
I-turntable yezinto eziphilayo + ibhedi yezityalo: ifanelekile kummandla osemazantsi, kodwa kunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyinyamekela.
Isikhululo esincinci sokucoca amanzi amdaka: kufutshane nendlela yokucoca amanzi amdaka asezidolophini. Inzuzo kukuba umgangatho wamanzi amdaka ulungile, kwaye ingxaki kukuba ayinakuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi amdaka asezifama zasemaphandleni.
Nangona ezinye iindawo zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bokucoca amdaka asemaphandleni “angenawo amandla”, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca amdaka “obusebenzisa amandla” busasebenza kakhulu. Okwangoku, kwiindawo ezininzi zasemaphandleni, umhlaba wabelwa amakhaya, kwaye zimbalwa imihlaba kawonke-wonke, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwiindawo eziphuhlileyo kwezoqoqosho liphantsi kakhulu. Imithombo yomhlaba ephezulu, embalwa ekhoyo yokucoca amdaka. Ke ngoko, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca amdaka “obutshintshatshintshayo” bunethuba elihle lokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinokusetyenziswa kancinci komhlaba, uqoqosho oluphuhlileyo kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zomgangatho wamanzi. Iteknoloji yokucoca amdaka egcina amandla kwaye inciphisa ukusetyenziswa iye yaba yindlela yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokucoca amdaka asekhaya esasazekileyo kwiilali nakwiidolophu.
2. Indlela edibeneyo yobuchwepheshe bokucoca amanzi amdaka asemaphandleni
Indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka yasemaphandleni yelizwe lam ikakhulu ineendlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
Indlela yokuqala yi-MBR okanye i-contact oxidation okanye inkqubo ye-activated sludge. I-lindle iqala ingene kwi-septic tank, ize ingene kwi-biological treatment unit, ize ekugqibeleni ikhuphele emanzini angqongileyo ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona. Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-lindle emaphandleni kuxhaphake kakhulu.
Indlela yesibini yindawo enamanzi angena-anaerobic + eyenziweyo okanye ichibi elingena-anaerobic + okanye umhlaba ongena-anaerobic +, oko kukuthi, iyunithi engena-anaerobic isetyenziswa emva kwetanki ye-septic, kwaye emva konyango lwendalo, ikhutshwa kwindawo engqongileyo okanye isetyenziswe kwezolimo.
Indlela yesithathu yi-activated sludge + activated waterland, i-activated sludge + echibini, i-contact oxidation + activated waterland, okanye i-contact oxidation + land treatment, oko kukuthi, izixhobo ze-aerobic kunye ne-aeration zisetyenziswa emva kwetanki ye-septic, kwaye iyunithi yonyango lwendalo yongezwa. Ukuqinisa ukususwa kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus.
Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, indlela yokuqala ibandakanya uninzi, ifikelela kwi-61%).
Phakathi kwezi ndlela zintathu zingasentla, i-MBR inefuthe elingcono lokunyanga kwaye ifanelekile kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zamanzi, kodwa iindleko zokusebenza ziphezulu kakhulu. Iindleko zokusebenza kunye neendleko zokwakha zeendawo ezimanzi ezakhiweyo kunye netekhnoloji ye-anaerobic ziphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa inkqubo yokungenisa umoya ukuze kufezekiswe isiphumo esifanelekileyo sokukhupha amanzi amdaka.
Iteknoloji yokucoca amanzi amdaka esasazekileyo isetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe
1. I-United States
Ngokweenkqubo zolawulo kunye neemfuno zobugcisa, unyango lwamanzi amdaka olusasazekileyo eMelika lusebenza phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo opheleleyo. Okwangoku, inkqubo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka olusasazekileyo eMelika inale teknoloji ilandelayo:
itanki ye-septic. Iitanki ze-septic kunye nonyango lomhlaba ziiteknoloji ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwedatha yophando lwaseJamani, malunga ne-32% yelindle ifanelekile ukucocwa komhlaba, apho i-10-20% yayo ingafaneleki. Isizathu sokungaphumeleli sisenokuba kukuba inkqubo ingcolisa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, njengoku: ixesha lokusetyenziswa kakhulu; umthwalo ogqithisileyo we-hydraulic; iingxaki zoyilo kunye nokufakwa; iingxaki zolawulo lokusebenza, njl.
Isihluzi sesanti. Ukuhluzwa kwesanti bubuchwepheshe bokucoca amanzi amdaka obusetyenziswa kakhulu eMelika, obunokuphumeza umphumo omhle wokususa.
Unyango lwe-aerobic. Unyango lwe-aerobic lusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi eMelika, kwaye isikali sonyango ngokubanzi yi-1.5-5.7t/d, kusetyenziswa indlela yebhayoloji yokujika okanye indlela ye-activated slidge. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iMelika ikwabeke ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuphathweni ngempumelelo kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus. Uninzi lwe-nitrogen eMelika lufumaneka emanzini amdaka. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa iindleko zokucubungula ezilandelayo ngokwahlulahlula kwangethuba.
Ukongeza, kukho ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukususwa kwezondlo, ukwahlulwahlulwa komthombo, kunye nokususwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-N kunye ne-P.
2. IJapan
Itekhnoloji yokucoca amdaka yaseJapan esasazekileyo yaziwa kakhulu ngenkqubo yayo yokucoca iitanki ze-septic. Imithombo yelindle yasekhaya eJapan yahlukile kancinci kweyasezweni lam. Iqokelelwa kakhulu ngokwendlela yokwahlulahlula amanzi amdaka okuhlamba impahla kunye namanzi amdaka asekhitshini.
Iitanki zeSeptic eJapan zifakelwa kwiindawo ezingafanelekanga ukuqokelelwa kwenethiwekhi yemibhobho kwaye apho ubuninzi babantu buphantsi. Iitanki zeSeptic zenzelwe amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye neeparameter. Nangona iitanki zeSeptic zangoku zitshintshwa ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, zisalawulwa zizinki. Emva kwe-AO reactor, i-anaerobic, i-deoxidizing, i-aerobic, i-sedimentation, i-disinfection kunye nezinye iinkqubo, kufanele kuthiwe itanki yeSeptic A isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kweetanki zeSeptic eJapan akusiyo nje ingxaki yobuchwephesha, kodwa yinkqubo yolawulo olupheleleyo phantsi kwesakhelo somthetho esipheleleyo, esenza ityala eliphumeleleyo. Okwangoku, kukho iimeko zokusetyenziswa kweetanki zeSeptic kwilizwe lethu, kwaye kufanele kuthiwe kukho neemarike kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Amazwe afana neSoutheast Asia, i-Indonesia, kunye nePhilippines nawo achatshazelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka yaseJapan. IMalaysia ne-Indonesia ziye zaqulunqa iinkcukacha zazo zobugcisa zasekhaya kunye nezikhokelo zeetanki zeSeptic, kodwa ekusebenzeni ezi nkcukacha kunye nezikhokelo zisenokungafaneleki kwimeko yazo yangoku yophuhliso loqoqosho.
3. Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Enyanisweni, kukho amazwe athile aphuhlileyo kwezoqoqosho nakwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kunye namanye amazwe asemva kwezoqoqosho nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuphathelele uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, afana neemeko zelizwe laseTshayina. Emva kokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, i-EU ikwasebenza nzima ukuphucula unyango lwamanzi amdaka, kwaye ngo-2005 yapasisa umgangatho we-EU we-EN12566-3 wonyango lwamanzi amdaka oluncinci olusasazwe kwiindawo ezincinci. Lo mgangatho kufuneka kuthiwe yindlela yokulungelelanisa amanyathelo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, iimeko zejografi, njl.njl., ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo bonyango, ngakumbi kuquka iitanki ze-septic kunye nonyango lomhlaba. Phakathi kwezinye iindidi zemigangatho, izibonelelo ezipheleleyo, izityalo ezincinci zonyango lwamanzi amdaka kunye neenkqubo zangaphambi konyango nazo ziyabandakanywa.
4. I-Indiya
Emva kokwazisa okufutshane amatyala amazwe aliqela aphuhlileyo, mandizise imeko yamazwe asaphuhlayo kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia akufutshane nemimandla yelizwe lam engaphuhli kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Indle yasekhaya eIndiya ikakhulu ivela kumanzi amdaka asekhitshini. Ngokuphathelele unyango lwendle, iteknoloji yeetanki ze-septic okwangoku yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Kodwa ingxaki ngokubanzi ifana neyelizwe lethu, oko kukuthi, zonke iintlobo zongcoliseko lwamanzi zicacile kakhulu. Ngenkxaso kaRhulumente waseIndiya, amanyathelo kunye neenkqubo zokwandisa ngempumelelo iitanki ze-septic ziyaqhubeka, kunye nemigaqo yonyango lweetanki ze-septic kunye netekhnoloji ye-contact oxidation esebenzayo.
5. I-Indonesia
I-Indonesia ikwiindawo ezishushu. Nangona uphuhliso loqoqosho lwasemaphandleni lusezantsi kakhulu, amanzi amdaka asekhaya abahlali basekuhlaleni akhutshwa kakhulu emilanjeni. Ngenxa yoko, iimeko zempilo zasemaphandleni eMalaysia, eThailand, eVietnam nakwamanye amazwe azinathemba. Ukusetyenziswa kweetanki ze-septic e-Indonesia kumalunga nama-50%, kwaye baqulunqe imigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhuthaza imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kweetanki ze-septic e-Indonesia.
Amava aphesheya aphambili
Ngamafutshane, amazwe aphuhlileyo anamava amaninzi aphambili anokufunda kuwo ilizwe lam: inkqubo yokumisela umgangatho kumazwe aphuhlileyo igqibelele kwaye isemgangathweni, kwaye kukho inkqubo yolawulo lokusebenza esebenzayo, kubandakanya uqeqesho lobungcali kunye nemfundo yoluntu, ngelixa imigaqo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka kumazwe aphuhlileyo icacile kakhulu.
Ngokukodwa bandakanya oku kulandelayo: (1) Cacisa uxanduva lokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente uxhasa ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokwezimali kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo; qulunqa imigangatho ehambelanayo yokulawula nokukhokela ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokwezimali; (2) misela ulawulo olufanelekileyo, olusemgangathweni, nolusebenzayo kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lweshishini ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso olusebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide kokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokwezimali; (3) Phucula ubungakanani, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokuchonga ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kwezibonelelo zamanzi amdaka ngokwezimali ukuqinisekisa iingenelo, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokwenza lula ukubekwa esweni; (4) Ubuchwephesha (5) ukwazisa kunye nemfundo kunye neeprojekthi zokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi, njl.
Kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa ngokubonakalayo, amava aphumeleleyo kunye nezifundo zokungaphumeleli zishwankathelwe ukuze kufezekiswe uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwetekhnoloji yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka yelizwe lam.
I-Cr.antop
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-13-2023