Kwiinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi eziqhelekileyo, ii-flocculants ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ziityuwa ze-aluminiyam kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi, iityuwa ze-aluminiyam ezisele emanzini acociweyo ziya kubeka impilo yabantu emngciphekweni, kwaye iityuwa zesinyithi eziseleyo ziya kuchaphazela umbala wamanzi, njl.njl.; uninzi lweenkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka, kunzima ukoyisa iingxaki zongcoliseko lwesibini ezifana nobuninzi bodaka kunye nokulahla okunzima kodaka. Ke ngoko, ukufuna imveliso yendalo engabangeli ungcoliseko lwesibini kwindalo ukuze ithathe indawo yee-flocculants zetyuwa ye-aluminiyam kunye netyuwa yesinyithi kuyimfuneko yokusebenzisa amaqhinga ophuhliso oluzinzileyo namhlanje. Ii-flocculants ze-polymer zendalo zitsale ingqalelo enkulu phakathi kwee-flocculants ezininzi ngenxa yemithombo yazo emininzi yezinto ezikrwada, ixabiso eliphantsi, ukukhetha okulungileyo, idosi encinci, ukhuseleko kunye nokungabi natyhefu, kunye nokubola ngokupheleleyo kwe-bio. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yophuhliso, inani elikhulu lee-flocculants ze-polymer zendalo ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kuye kwavela, phakathi kwazo i-starch, i-lignin, i-chitosan kunye neglu yemifuno zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku.
IChitosanIipropati
I-Chitosan yinto emhlophe engabonakaliyo, ekhanyayo, engenakunyibilika emanzini kodwa inyibilika kwi-asidi, eyimveliso ye-chitin ekhupha i-acetylation. Ngokubanzi, i-chitosan inokubizwa ngokuba yi-chitosan xa iqela le-N-acetyl kwi-chitin lisuswa ngaphezulu kwama-55%. I-Chitin yeyona nto iphambili kwii-exoskeletons zezilwanyana nezinambuzane, kwaye yeyona nto yesibini ngobukhulu yendalo emhlabeni emva kwe-cellulose. Njenge-flocculant, i-chitosan yendalo, ayinabungozi kwaye iyabola. Kukho amaqela amaninzi e-hydroxyl, amaqela e-amino kunye namanye amaqela e-N-acetylamino asasazwe kwi-macromolecular chain ye-chitosan, enokwenza ii-polyelectrolytes ze-cationic ezinobunzima obukhulu kwizisombululo ze-asidi, kwaye inokwenza izakhiwo ezifana nenethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen okanye iibhondi ze-ionic. Iimolekyuli zekheji, ngaloo ndlela zidibanisa kwaye zisuse ii-ion ezininzi zesinyithi ezinzima nezinobuthi nezinobungozi. I-Chitosan kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kungekuphela nje kwimpahla yokunxiba, ukuprinta nokudaya, ukwenza amaphepha, amayeza, ukutya, ishishini leekhemikhali, ibhayoloji kunye nezolimo kwaye ezinye iindawo ezininzi zinexabiso elininzi lokusetyenziswa, kodwa nakwindlela yokunyanga amanzi, ingasetyenziswa njenge-adsorbent, ii-flocculation agents, ii-fungicides, ii-ion exchangers, amalungiselelo e-membrane, njl. I-Chitosan ivunyiwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency njenge-arhente yokucoca amanzi okusela ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezikhethekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi kunye nonyango lwamanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kweIChitosankuNyango lwaManzi
(1) Susa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo emzimbeni wamanzi. Kumanzi endalo, iba yinkqubo ye-colloid etshajelwe kakubi ngenxa yokubakho kwebhaktheriya yodongwe, njl. Njenge-polymer ye-cationic enochungechunge olude, i-chitosan inokudlala imisebenzi emibini yokunganyamezeli kombane kunye nokuxinana kunye nokufunxa kunye nokubopha, kwaye inefuthe elinamandla lokuxinana kwizinto ezixhonyiweyo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alum yendabuko kunye ne-polyacrylamide njenge-flocculants, i-chitosan inefuthe elingcono lokucacisa. I-RAVID nabanye bafunde isiphumo sonyango lokuxinana kokusasazwa kwamanzi e-kaolin enye xa ixabiso le-chitosan pH laliyi-5-9, baza bafumanisa ukuba ukuxinana kuchaphazeleke kakhulu lixabiso le-pH, kwaye ixabiso le-pH elisebenzayo lokususwa kwe-turbidity laliyi-7.0-7.5. I-1mg/L flocculant, izinga lokususwa kwe-turbidity lidlula i-90%, kwaye ii-flocs eziveliswayo zirhabaxa kwaye ziyakhawuleza, kwaye ixesha elipheleleyo lokuxinana kwe-flocculation alidluli kwi-1h; kodwa xa ixabiso le-pH lincipha okanye linyuka, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-flocculation kuncipha, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kuphela kuluhlu lwe-pH oluncinci kakhulu, i-chitosan inokwenza i-polymerization elungileyo ngee-kaolin particles. Ezinye izifundo zifumanise ukuba xa i-flocculated bentonite suspension iphathwa nge-chitosan, uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-pH lubanzi. Ke ngoko, xa amanzi amdaka equlethe ii-particles ezifana ne-kaolin, kuyimfuneko ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-bentonite njenge-coagulant ukuphucula i-polymerization yei-chitosankumasuntswana. Kamva, iRAVID nabanye bafumanise ukuba
Ukuba kukho i-humus kwi-kaolin okanye kwi-titanium dioxide suspension, kulula ukuyi-flocculate nokuyi-precipitate nge-chitosan, kuba i-humus etshajiswe kakubi inamathele kumphezulu wee-particles, kwaye i-humus yenza kube lula ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH. I-Chitosan isabonakalise iipropati eziphezulu ze-flocculation kwimizimba yamanzi yendalo ene-turbidity kunye ne-alkalinity eyahlukileyo.
(2) Susa ulwelwe kunye neebhaktheriya emanzini. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye abantu bamanye amazwe baqalise ukufunda ngokufunxwa kunye nokuqunjelwa kwe-chitosan kwiinkqubo ze-colloid zebhayoloji ezifana ne-algae kunye neebhaktheriya. I-Chitosan inefuthe lokususa ulwelwe lwamanzi acocekileyo, oluyi-Spirulina, i-Oscillator algae, i-Chlorella kunye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izifundo zibonise ukuba kulwelwe lwamanzi acocekileyo, ukususwa kungcono kwi-pH ye-7; kulwelwe lwamanzi acocekileyo, i-pH iphantsi. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-chitosan uxhomekeke kumlinganiselo we-algae emanzini. Okukhona umlinganiselo we-algae uphezulu, kokukhona kufuneka kongezwe umthamo we-chitosan, kwaye ukwanda komlinganiselo we-chitosan kudla ngokubangela ukuqunjelwa kunye nokuna kwemvula. Ukuguquguquka kunokulinganisa ukususwa kolwelwe. Xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-7, 5mg/Li-chitosaninokususa i-90% yokungcola emanzini, kwaye okukhona uxinzelelo lwe-algae luphezulu, kokukhona amasuntswana e-floc eqoba kwaye kokukhona ukusebenza kwe-sedimentation kuphucuka.
Uvavanyo lwemicroscope lubonise ukuba ulwelwe olususwe ngokutyibilika kunye nokutsalwa kwetyuwa luhlanganiswe kuphela kwaye lunamathele kunye, kwaye lwalusekwimeko ephilileyo nesebenzayo. Ekubeni i-chitosan ingabangela naziphi na iziphumo ezimbi kwiintlobo zamanzi, amanzi acociweyo asenokusetyenziselwa ukulima amachibi acocekileyo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-flocculants zokwenziwa ukuze kulungiswe amanzi. Indlela yokususa i-chitosan kwiibhaktheriya iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokufunda ukutyibilika kwe-Escherichia coli nge-chitosan, kufunyaniswe ukuba indlela yokudibanisa i-bridging engalinganiyo yeyona ndlela iphambili yenkqubo yokutyibilika, kwaye i-chitosan ivelisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen kwinkunkuma yeseli. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-chitosan flocculation ye-E. coli kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje ekutshajweni kwe-dielectric kodwa nakwimilinganiselo yayo ye-hydraulic.
(3) Susa i-aluminium eseleyo uze ucoce amanzi okusela. Iityuwa ze-aluminium kunye nee-flocculants ze-polyaluminum zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi empompini, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwee-flocculants zetyuwa ye-aluminium kunokukhokelela ekwandeni komxholo we-aluminium emanzini okusela. I-aluminium eseleyo emanzini okusela iyingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu. Nangona i-chitosan ikwanayo nengxaki yentsalela yamanzi, kuba yi-alkaline aminopolysaccharide yendalo engenatyhefu, intsalela ayizukubangela umonakalo emzimbeni womntu, kwaye inokususwa kwinkqubo yonyango elandelayo. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-chitosan kunye nee-flocculants ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-polyaluminum chloride kunokunciphisa umxholo we-aluminium eseleyo. Ke ngoko, kunyango lwamanzi okusela, i-chitosan ineengenelo ezingenakutshintshwa zezinye ii-flocculants ze-polymer zokwenziwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kweChitosan kuNyango lwaManzi amdaka
(1) Susa ii-ion zesinyithi. Uthotho lweemolekyulii-chitosankwaye izinto eziphuma kuyo ziqulathe inani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl, ngoko ke inefuthe lokuchela kwii-ion ezininzi zesinyithi, kwaye inokufunxa okanye ukubamba ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima kwisisombululo. UCatherine A. Eiden kunye nezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba amandla okufunxa e-chitosan kwi-Pb2+ kunye ne-Cr3+ (kwiyunithi ye-chitosan) afikelela kwi-0.2 mmol/g kunye ne-0.25 mmol/g, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye inomthamo oqinileyo wokufunxa. UZhang Ting'an et al. basebenzise i-chitosan e-deacetylated ukususa ubhedu ngokufaka i-flocculation. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba xa ixabiso le-pH laliyi-8.0 kwaye uxinzelelo lobunzima bee-ion ze-copper kwisampuli yamanzi lwalungaphantsi kwe-100 mg/L, izinga lokususwa kobhedu lalingaphezulu kwe-99%; Uxinzelelo lobunzima yi-400mg/L, kwaye uxinzelelo lobunzima bee-ion ze-copper kulwelo olusele lusahlangabezana nomgangatho wokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kazwelonke. Olunye uvavanyo lubonakalise ukuba xa i-pH=5.0 kunye nexesha lokufunxa yayiziiyure ezi-2, izinga lokususa i-chitosan kwi-Ni2+ kwi-adsorption chemical nickel plating waste liquid linokufikelela kwi-72.25%.
(2) Phatha amanzi amdaka ngomxholo ophezulu weproteni efana namanzi amdaka okutya. Ngexesha lokucubungula ukutya, amanzi amdaka aqulethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo ayakhutshwa. Imolekyuli ye-chitosan ineqela le-amide, iqela le-amino kunye neqela le-hydroxyl. Ngokukhula kweqela le-amino, ibonisa indima ye-cationic polyelectrolyte, engabi nefuthe lokucheba kwiisinyithi ezinzima kuphela, kodwa ikwanokuflocculate ngempumelelo kwaye ifunxe amasuntswana amancinci atshajwe kakubi emanzini. I-Chitin kunye ne-chitosan zinokwenza ii-complexes ngokubophelela i-hydrogen kunye neeproteni, ii-amino acid, ii-fatty acids, njl. UFang Zhimin et al.i-chitosan, i-aluminium sulfate, i-ferric sulfate kunye ne-polypropylene phthalamide njenge-flocculants zokubuyisa iproteni emanzini amdaka okucubungula ukutya kwaselwandle. Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyisa iproteni kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okungcolileyo kunokufumaneka. Ngenxa yokuba i-chitosan ngokwayo ayinabungozi kwaye ayinangcoliseko lwesibini, ingasetyenziselwa ukuphinda isetyenziswe izinto eziluncedo ezifana neproteni kunye nesitatshi emanzini amdaka avela kwizityalo zokucubungula ukutya ukuze zicutshungulwe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona, njengokongeza kwisondlo njengesondlo sezilwanyana.
(3) Unyango lokuprinta nokudaya amanzi amdaka. Ukuprinta nokudaya amanzi amdaka kubhekisa kumanzi amdaka akhutshwa kumqhaphu, uboya, ifayibha yamakhemikhali kunye nezinye iimveliso zelaphu kwinkqubo yonyango lwangaphambi konyango, ukudaya, ukuprinta nokugqiba. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe iityuwa, ii-surfactants ze-organic kunye needayi, njl.njl., ezineenxalenye ezintsonkothileyo, i-chroma enkulu kunye ne-COD ephezulu, kwaye iphuhliswa kwicala lokulwa ne-oxidation kunye ne-anti-biodegradation, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. I-Chitosan iqulethe amaqela e-amino kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl, kwaye inefuthe elinamandla lokudaya kwiidayi, kubandakanya: ukudaya ngokwasemzimbeni, ukudaya kweekhemikhali kunye nokudaya kwee-ion exchange, ikakhulu ngokubophelela i-hydrogen, ukutsala kwe-electrostatic, ukutshintshiselana kwee-ion, amandla e-van der Waals, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, njl.njl. Kwangaxeshanye, ulwakhiwo lwe-molecular ye-chitosan luqulethe inani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino aphambili, enza i-arhente ye-polymer chelating egqwesileyo ngokusebenzisa iibhondi zokudibanisa, ezinokudibanisa iidayi emanzini amdaka, kwaye azinatyhefu kwaye azivelisi ungcoliseko lwesibini.
(4) Ukusetyenziswa ekususeni amanzi kwi-sludge. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezityalo zonyango lwelindle zasezidolophini zisebenzisa i-cationic polyacrylamide ukunyanga i-sludge. I-practice ibonise ukuba le arhente inefuthe elihle lokuhambahamba kwaye kulula ukuyisusa emanzini i-sludge, kodwa intsalela yayo, ingakumbi i-acrylamide monomer, iyingozi enkulu kwi-carcinogen. Ke ngoko, ngumsebenzi onentsingiselo kakhulu ukufuna indawo yayo. I-Chitosan sisicoci se-sludge esihle, esinceda ukwenza ii-micelles ze-sludge bacteria ezisebenza, ezinokuhlanganisa izinto ezixhonyiweyo ezitshajiweyo kakubi kunye nezinto eziphilayo kwisisombululo, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle konyango lwenkqubo ye-sludge esebenzayo. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant ayinayo nje kuphela impembelelo ebonakalayo ekulungiseni i-sludge, kodwa ikwathelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-PAC enye okanye i-chitosan, ukumelana kwe-sludge ethile kuqala kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphantsi, kwaye izinga lokucoca liphezulu. Ikhawuleza kwaye iyi-conditioner engcono; ukongeza, iintlobo ezintathu ze-carboxymethyl chitosan (i-N-carboxymethyl chitosan, i-N, i-O-carboxymethyl chitosan kunye ne-O-carboxymethyl chitosan) zisetyenziswa njengoko i-flocculant ivavanyiwe ekusebenzeni kokukhupha amanzi kwi-sludge, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ii-floc ezenziweyo zinamandla kwaye azilula ukuziqhekeza, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isiphumo se-flocculant ekukhupheni amanzi kwi-sludge sasingcono kakhulu kunese-flocculants eziqhelekileyo.
IChitosankwaye izinto eziphuma kuyo zizityebi kwizixhobo, zendalo, azinatyhefu, ziyabola, kwaye zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye. Zizinto zonyango lwamanzi aluhlaza. Izinto zayo eziluhlaza, i-chitin, yinxalenye yesibini ngobukhulu yendalo yendalo emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwe-chitosan ekunyangweni kwamanzi lunesantya sokukhula esicacileyo. Njenge-polymer yendalo eguqula inkunkuma ibe yingcebo, i-chitosan isetyenzisiwe ekuqaleni kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zasekhaya kusenesithuba esithile xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe aphambili. Ngobunzulu bophando kwi-chitosan kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo, ngakumbi i-chitosan eguquliweyo eneempawu ezintle zokwenziwa, inexabiso elingakumbi lokusetyenziswa. Ukuphonononga itekhnoloji yokusetyenziswa kwe-chitosan kunyango lwamanzi kunye nokuphuhlisa iimveliso ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zezinto eziphuma kuyo i-chitosan ezinoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kuya kuba nexabiso elibanzi lemarike kunye namathuba okusetyenziswa.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-09-2022