Kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga amanzi, i-flocculants esetyenziswa kakhulu i-aluminium ityuwa kunye neetyuwa zensimbi, iityuwa ze-aluminium ezisele emanzini ahlambulukileyo ziya kubeka engozini impilo yabantu, kunye neetyuwa zetsimbi eziseleyo ziya kuchaphazela umbala wamanzi, njl.; kuninzi Kunyango lwamanzi amdaka, kunzima ukoyisa iingxaki zongcoliseko lwesibini ezifana nesixa esikhulu sodaka kunye nokulahlwa kodaka olunzima. Ngoko ke, ukufuna imveliso yendalo engabangeli ukungcoliseka kwesibini kwimo engqongileyo ukuba ithathe indawo yetyuwa ye-aluminium kunye ne-iron salt flocculants kuyimfuneko yokuphumeza izicwangciso zophuhliso oluzinzileyo namhlanje. I-polymer flocculants yendalo itsale ingqalelo enkulu phakathi kweeflocculants ezininzi ngenxa yemithombo yazo yempahla ekrwada eninzi, ixabiso eliphantsi, ukukhetha okulungileyo, idosi encinci, ukhuseleko kunye nokungabi nabutyhefu, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwe-biodegradation. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yophuhliso, inani elikhulu lee-polymer flocculants zendalo ezineepropati ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ziye zavela, phakathi kwazo isitashi, i-lignin, i-chitosan kunye ne-glue yemifuno isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
ChitosanIipropati
I-Chitosan yi-amorphous emhlophe, i-translucent flaky solid, ayinyibiliki emanzini kodwa inyibilika kwi-asidi, eyimveliso ye-deacetylation ye-chitin. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-chitosan ingabizwa ngokuba yi-chitosan xa iqela le-N-acetyl kwi-chitin lisuswa ngaphezu kwe-55%. I-Chitin iyona nxalenye ephambili ye-exoskeletons yezilwanyana kunye nezinambuzane, kwaye iyindawo yesibini enkulu yendalo ephilayo emhlabeni emva kweselulosi. Njenge-flocculant, i-chitosan iyindalo, ayinayo ityhefu kwaye iyancipha. Maninzi amaqela e-hydroxyl, amaqela e-amino kunye namanye amaqela e-N-acetylamino asasazwe kwikhonkco le-macromolecular ye-chitosan, enokwenza i-polyelectrolytes ye-cationic ene-high charge density kwizisombululo ze-acidic, kwaye inokwenza izakhiwo ezifana nenethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen okanye i-ionic. iibhondi. Iimolekyuli ze-Cage, ngaloo ndlela zidibanisa kwaye zisusa iiyoni ezininzi ezinetyhefu kunye neziyingozi. I-Chitosan kunye ne-derivatives yayo inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa, kungekhona nje kwi-textile, ukuprinta kunye nokudaya, ukwenza iphepha, amayeza, ukutya, imboni yeekhemikhali, i-biology kunye nezolimo kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi zinexabiso lesicelo, kodwa kunye nonyango lwamanzi, lunokusetyenziswa. njenge-adsorbent, i-flocculation agents, i-fungicides, i-ion exchangers, amalungiselelo e-membrane, njl njl. I-Chitosan ivunyiwe yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US njenge-arhente yokucoca amanzi okusela ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezizodwa kwizicelo zokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nokunyangwa kwamanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kweChitosankunyango lwaManzi
(1) Susa izinto eziqinileyo ezijingayo kumzimba wamanzi. Emanzini endalo, iba yinkqubo ye-colloid ehlawuliswa kakubi ngenxa yobukho bebhaktheriya yodongwe, njl. Njenge-polymer cationic chain chain, i-chitosan inokudlala imisebenzi emibini yokungathathi hlangothi kombane kunye ne-coagulation kunye ne-adsorption kunye ne-bridging, kwaye ine-coagulation enamandla. isiphumo kwizinto ezinqunyanyisiweyo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alum yemveli kunye ne-polyacrylamide njengeeflocculants, i-chitosan inesiphumo esingcono sokucacisa. URAVID et al. wafunda umphumo wonyango lwe-flocculation yokusasazwa kwamanzi e-kaolin enye xa ixabiso le-chitosan pH laliyi-5-9, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-flocculation yayichatshazelwa kakhulu ngexabiso le-pH, kunye nexabiso le-pH elisebenzayo lokususwa kwe-turbidity yi-7.0-7.5. I-1mg / L i-flocculant, izinga lokususa i-turbidity lidlula i-90%, kwaye iiflocs eziveliswayo zilukhuni kwaye zikhawuleza, kwaye ixesha elipheleleyo le-sedimentation ye-flocculation alidluli i-1h; kodwa xa ixabiso le-pH linciphisa okanye linyuka, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-flocculation kuyancipha, kubonisa ukuba kuphela Kuluhlu lwe-pH emxinwa kakhulu, i-chitosan inokwenza i-polymerization enhle ngamasuntswana e-kaolin. Olunye uphando lufumene ukuba xa ukumiswa kwe-bentonite edibeneyo kunyangwa nge-chitosan, uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwexabiso le-pH lubanzi. Ngoko ke, xa amanzi e-turbid equkethe amaqhekeza afana ne-kaolin, kuyimfuneko ukongeza inani elifanelekileyo le-bentonite njenge-coagulant ukuphucula i-polymerizationchitosankumasuntswana. Kamva, uRAVID et al. wafumanisa ukuba
Ukuba kukho i-humus kwi-kaolin okanye i-titanium dioxide ukumiswa, kulula ukuyixubha kunye nokuyibeka nge-chitosan, kuba i-humus ehlawuliswa kakubi ifakwe kumphezulu weengqungquthela, kwaye i-humus yenza kube lula ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH. I-Chitosan isabonisa iipropathi eziphezulu zokushukuma kumanzi endalo ane-turbidity eyahlukileyo kunye ne-alkalinity.
(2) Susa i-algae kunye neebhaktheriya kumzimba wamanzi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye abantu phesheya baye baqala ukufunda i-adsorption kunye ne-flocculation ye-chitosan kwiinkqubo ze-biological colloid ezifana ne-algae kunye neebhaktheriya. I-Chitosan inefuthe lokususa kwi-algae yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, oko kukuthi, i-Spirulina, i-Oscillator algae, i-Chlorella kunye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izifundo zibonise ukuba kwi-algae yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, ukususwa kungcono kwi-pH ye-7; kwi-algae yaselwandle, i-pH iphantsi. Idosi efanelekileyo ye-chitosan ixhomekeke ekugxininiseni kwe-algae kumzimba wamanzi. Okukhona kuphezulu ukuxinana kwe-algae, kokukhona idosi ye-chitosan ifuna ukongezwa, kwaye ukonyuka kwedosi ye-chitosan kudla ngokubangela ukuphaphatheka kunye nemvula. Ngesantya. I-turbidity inokulinganisa ukususwa kwe-algae. Xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-7, 5mg/Lchitosaninokususa i-90% ye-turbidity emanzini, kwaye iphakamileyo yoxinaniso lwe-algae, i-coarser ye-floc particles kunye nokusebenza ngcono kwentlenga.
Uvavanyo lwe-microscopic lubonise ukuba i-algae eyasuswa ngokuxutywa kunye ne-sedimentation yayidityanisiwe kwaye inamathele kunye, kwaye yayikwimeko ephilileyo kunye nesebenzayo. Kuba i-chitosan ayibangeli naziphi na iziphumo ezibi kwiintlobo ezisemanzini, amanzi acociweyo asenokusetyenziselwa i-aquaculture yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiflocculants ezenziweyo kunyango lwamanzi. Indlela yokususa i-chitosan kwiibhaktheriya inzima kakhulu. Ngokuphonononga i-flocculation ye-Escherichia coli kunye ne-chitosan, kufunyaniswa ukuba indlela yokuvala ibhulorho engalungelelananga yeyona ndlela iphambili yenkqubo ye-flocculation, kwaye i-chitosan ivelisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen kwinkunkuma yeeseli. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba ukusebenza kwe-chitosan flocculation ye-E. coli akuxhomekanga kuphela ekuhlawuleni kwe-dielectric kodwa nakwi-dimension ye-hydraulic.
(3) Susa i-aluminiyam eyintsalela kwaye ucoce amanzi okusela. Iityuwa ze-aluminium kunye ne-polyaluminium flocculants zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zokucoca amanzi ompompo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminium ityuwa flocculants kunokukhokelela ekunyuseni komxholo we-aluminium emanzini okusela. Intsalela yealuminiyam emanzini okusela iyingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu. Nangona i-chitosan nayo inengxaki yokushiyeka kwamanzi, kuba i-alkaline non-toxic alkaline aminopolysaccharide, intsalela ayiyi kubangela ingozi kumzimba womntu, kwaye inokususwa kwinkqubo yonyango elandelayo. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-chitosan kunye ne-inorganic flocculants ezifana ne-polyaluminium chloride kunokunciphisa umxholo we-aluminium eseleyo. Ke ngoko, kunyango lwamanzi okusela, i-chitosan ineengenelo ezinokuthi ezinye ii-synthetic organic polymer flocculants zingakwazi ukuthatha indawo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweChitosan kunyango lwamanzi amdaka
(1) Susa iiyoni zentsimbi. Itsheyini yemolekyuli yechitosankunye ne-derivatives yayo iqulethe inani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl, ngoko ke inefuthe le-chelating kwii-ion ezininzi zetsimbi, kwaye inokubhengeza ngokufanelekileyo okanye ibambe i-ion zentsimbi enzima kwisisombululo. UCatherine A. Eiden kunye nezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba umthamo we-adsorption we-chitosan ukuya kwi-Pb2 + kunye ne-Cr3 + (kwiyunithi ye-chitosan) ifikelela kwi-0.2 mmol / g kunye ne-0.25 mmol / g, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye inomthamo onamandla wokubhengeza. UZhang Ting'an et al. kusetyenziswe i-chitosan e-deacetylated ukususa ubhedu ngokujikeleza. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba xa ixabiso le-pH liyi-8.0 kunye nobuninzi bee-ion zethusi kwisampuli yamanzi yayingaphantsi kwe-100 mg / L, izinga lokususa ubhedu lalingaphezulu kwe-99%; Ubunzima boxinzelelo yi-400mg/L, kwaye ubunzima be-ion ye-copper kulwelo olushiyekileyo lusahlangabezana nomgangatho wesizwe wokukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka. Olunye uvavanyo lubonise ukuba xa i-pH = 5.0 kunye nexesha le-adsorption laliyi-2h, izinga lokususa i-chitosan ukuya kwi-Ni2 + kwi-adsorption chemical nickel plating waste liquid inokufikelela kwi-72.25%.
(2) Phatha amanzi amdaka ngomthamo weprotheyini ephezulu njengamanzi amdaka okutya. Ngexesha lokulungiswa kokutya, amanzi amdaka aqulethe isixa esikhulu sezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo akhutshwa. I-molecule ye-chitosan iqulethe iqela le-amide, iqela le-amino kunye neqela le-hydroxyl. Nge-protonation yeqela le-amino, ibonisa indima ye-cationic polyelectrolyte, engenakho nje impembelelo ye-chelating kwisinyithi esinzima, kodwa inokuphinda iqhube kakuhle kwaye ibhengeze amasuntswana amahle ahlawuliswa kakubi emanzini. I-Chitin kunye ne-chitosan inokwenza ii-complexes nge-hydrogen bonding kunye neeprotheni, i-amino acids, i-fatty acids, njl. UFang Zhimin et al. esetyenzisiweyochitosan, i-aluminiyam sulfate, i-ferric sulfate kunye ne-polypropylene phthalamide njengeeflocculants zokubuyisela iprotein ekusetyenzweni kwamanzi amdaka aselwandle. Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela iiprotheyini kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okumdaka kunokufumaneka. Ngenxa yokuba i-chitosan ngokwayo ayinayo ityhefu kwaye ayinangcoliseko lwesibini, inokusetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha kwezinto eziluncedo ezifana neprotheyini kunye nesitatshi kumanzi amdaka asuka kwizityalo ezilungisa ukutya ukuze zisetyenzwe kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe, njengokongeza ekondleni njengokutya kwezilwanyana.
(3) Ukucocwa kokuprintwa kunye nokudaya amanzi amdaka. Ukuprintwa kunye nokudaya amanzi amdaka kubhekiselele kumanzi amdaka akhutshwa kumqhaphu, uboya, ifayibha yemichiza kunye nezinye iimveliso ezilukiweyo kwinkqubo yonyango lwangaphambili, ukudaya, ukuprinta kunye nokugqiba. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe iityuwa, i-organic surfactants kunye nedayi, njl., kunye namacandelo anzima, i-chroma enkulu kunye ne-COD ephezulu. , kwaye iphuhlise kwicala le-anti-oxidation kunye ne-anti-biodegradation, eyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. I-Chitosan iqulethe amaqela e-amino kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl, kwaye inefuthe elinamandla le-adsorption kwidayi, kubandakanywa: i-adsorption yomzimba, i-adsorption yekhemikhali kunye ne-ion exchange adsorption, ngokukodwa nge-hydrogen bonding, umtsalane we-electrostatic, i-ion exchange, i-van der Waals force, i-hydrophobic interaction, njl. isiphumo. Ngelo xesha, i-molecular structure ye-chitosan iqulethe inani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino ephambili, eyenza i-agent egqwesileyo ye-polymer chelating ngokusebenzisa iibhondi zokulungelelanisa, ezinokuthi zidibanise idayi emanzini amdaka, kwaye ayinayo ityhefu kwaye ayivelisi ukungcola okwesibini.
(4) Ukusetyenziswa ekugxothweni kwamanzi ngodaka. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezidolophini zisebenzisa i-cationic polyacrylamide ukunyanga udaka. Ukuziqhelanisa kubonise ukuba le arhente inesiphumo esihle se-flocculation kwaye kulula ukukhupha amanzi e-sludge, kodwa intsalela yayo, ngakumbi i-acrylamide monomer, i-carcinogen eyomeleleyo. Ngoko ke, ngumsebenzi onentsingiselo kakhulu ukufuna indawo yawo. I-Chitosan yi-conditioner ye-sludge efanelekileyo, enceda ukwenza ii-bacteria ze-sludge ezisebenzayo, ezinokuthi zidibanise izinto ezimbi ezimisiweyo kunye ne-organic matter kwisisombululo, kunye nokuphucula unyango olusebenzayo lwenkqubo ye-sludge esebenzayo. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-polyaluminium chloride / chitosan composite flocculant ayinayo kuphela umphumo ocacileyo kwi-sludge conditioning, kodwa kwakhona xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwePAC enye okanye i-chitosan, ukuchasana okuthe ngqo kwe-sludge kuqala kufikelela kwindawo ephantsi, kwaye izinga lokuhluza liphezulu. Iyakhawuleza kwaye iyi-conditioner engcono; Ukongeza, iintlobo ezintathu ze-carboxymethyl chitosan (i-N-carboxymethyl chitosan, i-N, i-O-carboxymethyl chitosan kunye ne-O-carboxymethyl chitosan) zisetyenziswa njenge I-flocculant yavavanywa ekusebenzeni kokukhutshwa kwamanzi kwi-sludge, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-flocs yenziwe. yomelele kwaye akukho lula ukuyiqhawula, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isiphumo se-flocculant ekugxothweni kwamanzi ngodaka sasingcono kakhulu kuneeflocculants eziqhelekileyo.
Chitosankunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zizityebi kwizibonelelo, zendalo, ezingenayo ityhefu, ezinokonakala, kwaye zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye. Ziyiarhente zokunyanga amanzi aluhlaza. Imathiriyeli yayo ekrwada, i-chitin, yeyesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwe-chitosan kunyango lwamanzi lunesantya esicacileyo sokukhula. Njengepolymer yendalo eguqula inkunkuma ibe bubuncwane, i-chitosan isetyenziswe ekuqaleni kwiinkalo ezininzi, kodwa ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zasekhaya kusenomsantsa othile xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe ahambele phambili. Ngokunzulu kophando lwe-chitosan kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo, ngakumbi i-chitosan eguquliweyo eneempawu ezigqwesileyo zokudibanisa, inexabiso elingaphezulu nangakumbi lesicelo. Ukuphonononga itekhnoloji yokusetyenziswa kwe-chitosan kunyango lwamanzi kunye nokuphuhlisa iimveliso ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo zezinto eziphuma kwi-chitosan ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ziya kuba nexabiso lemarike elibanzi kakhulu kunye nethemba lokusetyenziswa.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-09-2022